الصناعة امتصاص المصطلحات الامتصاص هو قدرة السوائل والمواد الصلبة لامتصاص الماء أو السوائل الأخرى، بما في ذلك الغازات غير المرغوب فيها، في معالجة الغاز الطبيعي. الوصول إلى الوصول هو النظام الذي يسمح للاعبين السوق لاستخدام القدرة في خط أنابيب، شبكة، مخزن الغاز أو منشأة الغاز الأخرى. الوصول أمر أساسي في تنفيذ تحرير سوق الغاز والتناقضات، وبالتالي، مع النموذج التقليدي حيث أصحاب أنظمة النقل، ومخازن الخ الخاصة جميع الغاز المتدفقة من خلال معداتهم والعمل بمثابة التجار الحصري لذلك. انظر أيضا النقل المشترك. وصول محدود . الوصول التفاوض. وصول طرف ثالث. حمض الغاز حمض الغاز هو الغاز الطبيعي التي تحتوي على نسبة من الغازات مثل ثاني أكسيد الكربون أو كبريتيد الهيدروجين التي، جنبا إلى جنب مع الرطوبة، شكل المركبات الحمضية. كمية العقد السنوية كمية العقد السنوية (أسك) هي حجم الغاز الذي يجب على البائع تسليمه ويجب على المشتري أن يأخذ في سنة عقد معينة. ويمكن التعبير عنها على أنها رقم حصري أو كمضاعف من كمية العقد اليومية. في الممارسة العملية، يتم كتابة العديد من العقود في النماذج التي تسمح للمشتري أن تأخذ أقل بكثير من أسك المذكورة. انظر أيضا التسامح الكمية الهبوطية. برنامج التسليم السنوي برنامج التسليم السنوي هو جدول زمني لحجم الغاز الذي سيتم تسليمه في تواريخ معينة أو ضمن فترات معينة في سنة عقد مقبلة في عقد طويل األجل. ومن الناحية العملية، غالبا ما يأخذ ذلك شكل جدول زمني مفصل يغطي الأشهر القليلة الأولى، مع وجود أرقام أقل بالنسبة للفترة المتبقية من السنة، ثم يتم تثبيتها في الأوقات المنصوص عليها في العقد. طبقة المياه الجوفية طبقة المياه الجوفية هي مجموعة من الصخور المسامية المشبعة بالماء. وعادة ما تكون حقول الغاز تحت سطح الماء بواسطة طبقة مياه جوفية غالبا ما توفر ضغطا يعرف باسم "محرك المياه" للمساعدة في إنتاج الغاز. ويمكن تحقيق تخزين الغاز تحت سطح الأرض عن طريق ضخ الغاز إلى طبقات المياه الجوفية تحت صخور الكابينة غير القابلة للانفجار وبالتالي جعل خزان الغاز فعالا. انظر أيضا الخزان. تخزين تحت الأرض. المراجحة التحكيم هو شراء وبيع نفس المنتج في موقعين أو أسواق مختلفة للاستفادة من الاختلافات في الأسعار. الغاز المرتبط أسوسياتد غاز هو الغاز الذي يتعايش مع النفط في حقل نفط في الغالب. قد يكون كاب الغاز أو الغاز الحل. الذي يختلف سلوكه ومعاملته. وعادة ما يباع الغاز المصاحب كغاز ترشيح للبائع، أي أن البائع يرشح كميات الغاز المتاحة. وفي أسواق الغاز التقليدية، سيحصل هذا الغاز على سعر أقل من الغاز غير المرتبط. توليد الطاقة التلقائية توليد الطاقة التلقائية هو توليد الكهرباء من قبل مصدر قلق صناعي في المقام الأول لتلبية احتياجات عملياتها الخاصة انظر أيضا الحرارة جنبا إلى جنب والطاقة. باكهولينغ باكهولينغ هو نقل الغاز على ما يبدو في الاتجاه المعاكس إلى التدفق الرئيسي لخط الأنابيب. وعادة ما يتحقق ذلك عن طريق ترتيبات المبادلة بدلا من الحركات المادية. يعرف أيضا باسم التدفق العكسي. اتفاقيات موازنة االتفاق تستخدم لتحديد إجراءات استخدام القدرة في خطوط األنابيب أو اإلنتاج من حقل الغاز: 1 (خطوط األنابيب: اتفاق موازنة لخط األنابيب هو اتفاق بين مالك خط األنابيب والمستخدمين اآلخرين لخط األنابيب على إجراءات من أجل ضمان أن تكون كميات الغازات المدخلة وإخراجها من خط الأنابيب متساوية على مدى فترة زمنية معينة. تتطلب خطوط الأنابيب عادة موازنة يومية، ولكن بعضها يتطلب موازنة على فترات أقصر، وصولا الى ساعة، وخصوصا عندما يكون هناك حمولة توليد الطاقة الثقيلة على خط الأنابيب. وقد يسمح البعض الآخر بفترات أطول، على سبيل المثال. 3 أيام حتى شهريا. موازنة شهرية هو فقط المناسب حيث الأحمال طرف ثالث صغيرة جدا (بضعة في المئة) فيما يتعلق المستخدمين الرئيسية الأحمال. 2) الاحتياطيات: اتفاق موازنة للاحتياطيات هو اتفاق بين مالكي حقل الغاز الذين يقومون بتسويق أسهمهم في الغاز بشكل مستقل عن بعضها البعض. وبما أن كل مشتري قد يكون له نمط طلب مختلف، يتفق المالكون فيما بينهم بأنهم لن يسحبوا الاحتياطيات بمعدل يؤدي إلى اختلال التوازن في ملكية الاحتياطيات المتبقية ليتجاوزوا بعض التسامح المتفق عليه. ويحدد الاتفاق أيضا سبل الانتصاف التي ينبغي اتخاذها في حالة تجاوز هذه التسامح. والغرض من ذلك هو ضمان بقاء حصة الملكية من الاحتياطيات المتبقية ثابتة لجميع الأغراض العملية. حمولة قاعدة التحميل الأساسي هي معدل التسليم (أو الطلب) الذي لا يتوقع أن ينخفض إليه الإرسال (أو الطلب) خلال فترة معينة. سعر الشاطئ سعر الشاطئ هو مصطلح، وتستخدم أساسا في المملكة المتحدة، لتحديد السعر الذي يتم نقل الغاز البحري من قبل المنتج عند الخروج من محطة معالجة البرية، والتي يتم نقل ملكية نقطة قبل الإرسال أو الاستخدام فصاعدا. غاز فرن الصهر ينتج الغاز كمنتج من استخدام فحم الكوك في أفران الصهر التقليدية. وكان هذا الغاز من القيمة الحرارية المنخفضة (ما يقرب من ربع إلى ثلث الغاز الطبيعي) ولكن تم استخدام مختلطة مع الغاز المصنعة في الأيام التي سبقت الغاز الطبيعي. بلوك الكتلة هي منطقة جغرافية محددة في اتفاقية الامتياز، وغالبا ما يسبقها الاستكشاف أو التطوير أو الإنتاج. وغالبا ما يتم تعريفها من حيث خطوط الطول والعرض، ولكن يمكن أيضا تعريفها بالرجوع إلى نظام الشبكة المحلية، على سبيل المثال في خليج المكسيك. التهب طريقة لتوليد خزان غاسكوندنزات عن طريق السماح للضغط خزان تراجع مع إنتاج الغاز مع مرور الوقت دون إعادة حقن أي غاز. مع هذا الأسلوب من الإنتاج قد تكثف بعض المكثفات داخل الخزان، حيث الانتعاش لم يعد اقتراح عملي. غلي الغاز (بوغ) هو مصطلح يستخدم في مشاريع الغاز الطبيعي المسال. ومع ذلك، قد تكون خزانات الغاز الطبيعي المسال المعزولة جيدا، فإن الغاز الطبيعي المسال هو دائما عند نقطة الغليان، وسوف تستمر كميات صغيرة في الغليان. في مصانع التسييل، يلزم وجود كمية صغيرة من الغاز المغلي لضمان تشغيل مضيئة النبات. يغلي قبالة لا حاجة لهذا الغرض سوف تستخدم عادة في نظام الوقود المنخفض ضغط الوقود الخاصة. على ناقلات الغاز الطبيعي المسال التي تقودها التوربينات البخارية الغاز يستخدم عادة كوقود لدفع السفن. سعر الحدود السعر الذي يباع فيه الغاز عند الحدود بين بلدين. تعتمد عادة على الجمارك أو غيرها من البيانات إمبورتيكسورت الرسمية. كثيرا ما تستخدم، وخاصة في أوروبا، كنقطة مرجعية في عقود الغاز. لب الغاز المعبأة في زجاجات. عادة البوتان أو البروبان المخزنة في الحالة السائلة في الضغط المعتدل في حاويات الصلب للاستخدام في التطبيقات السكنية والتجارية الصغيرة. تجميع توفير الخدمات المختلفة، مثل النقل والتخزين وما إلى ذلك في حزمة إلزامية يجب على المشتري قبولها في المجموع، دون أن يكون قادرا على اختيار العناصر التي يتطلبها. أنظر أيضا فك التجميع. البوتان عضو في مجموعة ألكان من الهيدروكربونات مع أربع ذرات كربون في جزيءها (C4H10، وغالبا ما يختصر إلى C4 في الاستخدام غير التقني). البوتان هو غاز عديم اللون قابل للاشتعال في درجة الحرارة والضغط العادي ولكن يسهل تسييله عن طريق الضغط للتخزين والنقل. هناك نوعان إيزومريكان، طبيعي و إيزو-بيوتان. في الضغط الجوي إسو-بيوتان تسييل في 1200C والبوتان الطبيعي في -100C. القيمة الحرارية (كف) القيمة الحرارية هي كمية الحرارة الناتجة عن الاحتراق الكامل للوقود. ويمكن قياس هذا الجافة أو المشبعة ببخار الماء والصافي أو الإجمالي. انظر أيضا القيمة الحرارية الإجمالية. صافي القيمة الحرارية. كاب 1. شرط في عقد التوريد الذي يضمن للمشتري أنه لن تضطر لدفع أكثر من سعر أقصى معين. هذا النوع من العقد مماثل لخيار الاتصال. 2 - في عقد التوريد حيث يكون للمشتري مرونة في الحجم الذي يمكن أن يطلبه، يكون الحد الأقصى الذي يستحقه إما خلال فترة (على سبيل المثال سنة) أو على مدى مدة العقد. كاب الغاز الغاز وجدت في كاب الغاز بالتعاون مع النفط ولكن لا مختلطة معها. رسوم السعة رسوم السعة هي المبلغ المدفوع من أجل حجز السعة في خط أنابيب أو مخزن للغاز أو أي جزء آخر من البنية التحتية. في كثير من الأحيان تستخدم بالتبادل مع الطلب تهمة. تداول القدرات شراء وبيع الحقوق المكتسبة لنقل الغاز عبر خطوط أنابيب الناقل. احتجاز الكربون وتخزينه إن التقاط انبعاثات الكربون في الغلاف الجوي وتخزينها في أحواض الكربون، والتي تكون كام طبيعية، أو قد تنضب حقول الهيدروكربونات. تجارة الكربون إجراء منهجي لتبادل التصاريح لإنتاج انبعاثات الكربون. انظر إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي. الدفع إلى األمام مخصص في عقد طويل األجل للدفع أو الدفع يسمح بموجبه للمشتري الذي يأخذ أكثر من كمية العقد السنوية في أي سنة، وفقا للشروط المحددة في العقد، بتعويض ذلك مقابل القيام به في السنوات الالحقة التي قد تكون قد تكبدتها بعض أشكال العقوبات، مثل اتخاذ أو دفع. أحيانا تعرف باسم أدفانس ميك غود. غلاف الرأس النفط الروح (تشس) اسم بديل للمكثفات وخاصة لأولئك الذين يتسربون من أو على مقربة من رأس البئر. تستخدم أساسا في أمريكا الشمالية. تشورنينغ تشورنينغ هو مصطلح يستخدم في تجارة الغاز للإشارة إلى عدد المرات التي يتم فيها تداول الغاز بين البيع الأولي والاستهلاك النهائي. غاز مدينة سيتي غاز هو مصطلح يستخدم في بعض أنحاء العالم، على سبيل المثال مصر والهند واليابان وكوريا، للإشارة إلى الغاز الموزعة على العملاء من خلال نظام التوزيع المحلي، المصب من بوابة المدينة. وسيكون هؤالء العمالء خليط من الوحدات السكنية والتجارية والصناعية تبعا لظروف محلية معينة، ولكنهم سيستبعدون عادة مولدات الطاقة. في الماضي قد يكون غاز المدينة الغاز المصنعة من الفحم والنفط ولكن الآن الغاز الطبيعي في الغالب. انظر أيضا تاون غاز. بوابة المدينة النقطة التي يعتمد فيها نظام التوزيع المحلي، الذي يعتمد غالبا على مدينة أو مدينة واحدة، الغاز من شركة أو نظام نقل. يسمى سعر التحويل في هذه المرحلة باسم سيتي جيت برايس. الفحم سرير الميثان (كبم) ميثان الفحم الفحم هو الميثان التي يمكن أو يمكن استردادها من طبقات الفحم. المعروف أيضا باسم الفحم التماس الغاز. وتتعافى تدابير بناء الثقة عن طريق حفر الآبار في طبقات الفحم المناسبة ومن ثم تقليل الضغط في الصخور، وعادة عن طريق ضخ المياه، والتي قد تكون ملحية والقضايا البيئية الحالية، حتى الميثان يمكن أن يشتت من الفحم. كبم، على عكس الغاز الطبيعي التقليدي، ليست محاصرين تحت ختم ولكن كثف في الفحم. ومن ثم يمكن أن يحدث ذلك في رواسب الفحم التي تكون واسعة النطاق أفقيا. معدلات الإنتاج عادة أقل بكثير من الغاز التقليدي. وعادة ما تكون معدلات الاستنفاد بطيئة جدا وقد تنتج الآبار لسنوات عديدة. ويمكن أيضا إنتاج تدابير بناء الثقة كتدبير من تدابير السلامة قبل استخراج الفحم للحد من حدوث مخاليط الغاز المحتملة أثناء عمليات التعدين. انظر ميثان منجم الفحم. غاز الفحم غاز الفحم هو الغاز الذي يتم تصنيعه عن طريق التقطير المدمر للفحم البيتومين. المكونات الرئيسية هي الهيدروجين (أكثر من 50)، الميثان (10 إلى 30) أول أكسيد الكربون والهيدروكربونات أعلى. أبقى بخار الماء في غاز الفحم المفاصل القديمة الأنابيب ضيق، وبالتالي تقليل فقدان الغاز. إذا تم إدخال الغاز الطبيعي في نفس الأنابيب دون اتخاذ إجراءات علاجية قد تحدث خسائر كبيرة. أول أكسيد الكربون هو بالطبع سامة. كان استنشاق غاز الفحم وسيلة مفضلة للانتحار في المدن مع توزيع غاز الفحم. ميثان منجم الفحم المستخرج من مناجم الفحم، إما أثناء نشاطه أو بعد هجره، والذي يمكن استخدامه في توليد الطاقة المحلية أو إنتاج الحرارة. ونادرا ما تكون متاحة بكميات كافية لتبرير تجهيز نوعية خط أنابيب للتسليم في نظام خط أنابيب. انظر: الفحم سرير الميثان. فحم الكوك فرن الغاز يتم إنتاج فحم الكوك فرن الغاز كمنتج ثانوي من فحم الكوك وكان في وقت واحد عنصرا رئيسيا من الغاز المصنعة. التوربينات الغازية المركبة في الدورة إن التوربينات الغازية للدورة المركبة (كغت) هي نوع من محطات توليد الكهرباء التي تستخدم فيها الحرارة الناتجة عن احتراق الغازات مرتين. أولا، يتم حرق الغاز لدفع توربينات الغاز. ثم تمر غازات العادم الساخن عبر مبادل حراري لرفع البخار لوحدة توربينية بخار ثانوية. تتمتع محطات الدورة المركبة بكفاءة حرارية تبلغ حوالي 50 أكبر من التوربينات العادية البسيطة أو المفتوحة. الحرارة والطاقة معا (تشب) الحرارة المشتركة والطاقة (تشب) هو استخدام نظام موحد واحد لتوفير كل من متطلبات الحرارة والطاقة للمشروع، والتقليل من النفايات من الحرارة. يتم إنتاج الطاقة من خلال توربينات الغاز أو محرك رئيسي آخر. يتم تسخين حرارة العادم لتلبية متطلبات أخرى غير توليد الكهرباء. المعروف أيضا باسم التوليد المشترك للطاقة الكلية. مصطلح التعريفة الجمركية على السلع الأساسية مقابل كل وحدة من الغازات التي تم نقلها أو نقلها بالفعل. قد تكون في وحدات الحجمي أو الحرارة. تميز عن الرسوم الدائمة ورسوم الطلب. النقل المشترك النقل المشترك هو مصطلح غالبا ما يستخدم بالتبادل مع الوصول المفتوح والوصول إلى طرف ثالث ولكن الذي هو في الواقع أكثر تحديدا. في نظام النقل المشترك يتم منح جميع المتقدمين للقدرة (على سبيل المثال في خط أنابيب أو مخزن) الوصول على قدم المساواة. وإذا تجاوز الحجم الإجمالي المطلوب السعة المتاحة، ينخفض استخدام جميع الأطراف تناسبيا: فالقدرة مقسمة فيما بين المستعملين. في إطار الوصول المفتوح، إذا سعى المتقدمون للحصول على سعة أكبر مما هو متاح، يتم تقسيم القدرة على أساس من يأتي أولا يخدم أولا أو نظام الدفع إلى الكتاب الذي يسمح القدرة على أن يتم التعاقد عليها وتداولها تماما مثل تأجير وإيجار الأرض في مبنى . ويتعين على خط الأنابيب أو صاحب المتجر الذي يرغب أيضا في استخدام بعض القدرات لنفسه أن يقوم بذلك، من خلال شبكة النفاذ المفتوح، من خلال شركة تابعة ذات نطاق تجاري تكون علاقاتها التجارية مع مزود القدرة مطابقة تماما لشروط المستعملين الآخرين. مطلوب الوصول المفتوح على خطوط أنابيب الولايات المتحدة بين الولايات، حيث يعرف باسم النقل العقد. وفي أوروبا، يستخدم مصطلح "الوصول المفتوح" أحيانا بشكل فضفاض على أنه مرادف لطرف ثالث للوصول إلى حق الغير في استخدام خط أنابيب أو معدات شركة أخرى. وفي شكله العام يشمل النفاذ المفتوح، والنقل المشترك، والوصول إلى التفاوض، والوصول المنظم. أحد جوانب وصول الطرف الثالث هو أنه لا ينطوي في حد ذاته على أي حل لمسألة التمييز بين الأطراف باستخدام المرافق. انظر أيضا الوصول المحدود. الغاز الطبيعي المضغوط (نغ) الغاز الطبيعي المضغوط نغ هو الغاز الطبيعي المضغوط في اسطوانات الغاز، وتستخدم أساسا كبديل للوقود السائل في المركبات على الطرق. يبقى الغاز الطبيعي المسال الغاز بغض النظر عن كمية الضغط. عدم الخلط بينه وبين غاز البترول المسال. محطة الضاغط يفقد الغاز الضغط أثناء انتقاله لمسافات طويلة عبر خطوط الأنابيب. ولضمان التدفق السليم، والضغط الكافي عند نقطة الإقلاع، يجب إعادة ضغطها في محطات الضاغط، التي تقع عادة كل 60 كم إلى 100 كم على طول خطوط أنابيب النقل البرية. في المناطق البحرية وفي المناطق النائية، قد يكون من الأفضل والمفضل الحفاظ على ضغوط أعلى والسماح لمسافات أكبر بين محطات الضاغط. على ضواغط الأنابيب الكبيرة عادة ما تكون مدفوعة من قبل توربينات الغاز. قد تستخدم خطوط الأنابيب الصغيرة محركات الديزل. الامتياز ترخيص يمنح إما من قبل حكومة أو شركة نفط حكومية. وهو يحدد منطقة، غالبا ما يشار إليها باسم كتلة. منحت لشركة أو مجموعة من الشركات لاستكشاف أو إنتاج أو نقل غاز النفط والغاز بموجب شروط وأحكام محددة وللفترة المحددة. وغالبا ما تمنح مناطق الامتياز في البداية للاستكشاف. إذا نجح ذلك، يتم تعريف منطقة أصغر، داخل كتلة الاستكشاف، لتكون كتلة الإنتاج. ويمكن أيضا أن تطبق على تصاريح لبناء خطوط الأنابيب ومحطات الطاقة الخ المكثفات المكثفات هو سائل الغاز الطبيعي مع انخفاض ضغط البخار، تنتج من خزان مع ارتفاع الضغط ودرجة الحرارة. المكثفات سوف تفصل بشكل طبيعي في خط أنابيب أو فصل النبات من خلال عملية التكثيف العادية. يمكن الرجوع إلى أي خليط من الهيدروكربونات الخفيفة نسبيا التي تظل سائلة في درجة الحرارة العادية والضغط. سيكون هناك بعض البروبان والبوتان المذاب فيه. على عكس النفط الخام. فإنه يحتوي على القليل أو لا شيء من الهيدروكربونات الثقيلة التي تشكل زيت الوقود الثقيل. هناك ثلاثة مصادر رئيسية للمكثفات: أ) الهيدروكربونات السائلة التي تنتج من خزان غاسكوندنزات. قد تكون هذه فقط تمييزا قليلا من النفط الخام استقرت الضوء. ب) الهيدروكربونات السائلة التي يتم استردادها على السطح من الغاز غير المصاحب. ج) الهيدروكربونات السائلة التي يتم فصلها عند معالجة الغاز الخام. ويتكون هذا التكثيف عادة من C5 إلى C8. المرجل التكثيف المرجل التكثيف هو جهاز تسخين المياه المصممة لزيادة الكفاءة باستخدام غازات المداخن تنفيس خلاف ذلك إلى الغلاف الجوي إلى ما قبل تسخين المياه في المرجل. رسوم التوصيل تستخدم أحيانا كمرادف للرسوم الدائمة ولكن يتم تعريفها بشكل صحيح كمبلغ يدفعه العميل في مبلغ مقطوع أو أقساط للاتصال بنظام الموردين. المقاول مصطلح له معنى محدد في اتفاقية مشاركة الإنتاج. والمقاول هو الشركة (وهي عادة شركة منتجة) التي تتعهد باستكشاف المنتجات المنتجة للحكومة المضيفة مقابل كميات محددة من الغاز أو النفط المنتج. التقارب مصطلح محدد بشكل فضفاض يشير إلى الاستخدام المتزايد للغاز الطبيعي في توليد الكهرباء. وحيثما يصبح الجيل يعتمد كليا أو كبيرا على الغاز الطبيعي، تتقارب مصالح مورد الغاز ومولد الطاقة، وتنشأ إمكانية تحويل الغاز بين التوليد والإمداد المباشر، حسب السعر المتاح لكل منفذ. تتلاقى الأسعار عندما لا يكون هناك فائدة في التبديل. تكلفة الغاز تكلفة الغاز هو الغاز الذي يحصل عليه المقاول بموجب اتفاقية تقاسم الإنتاج لتغطية تكاليف عملياته بموجب العقد. عادة ما يعمل المقاول على مسؤوليته الخاصة، وإذا لم يتم اكتشاف أي هيدروكربونات، فإن التكاليف هي بالكامل لحسابه. انظر أيضا الربح الغاز. الضغط الحرج الحد األدنى من الضغط الذي يجب تطبيقه على الغاز قبل أن يكون مسال. درجة الحرارة الحرجة درجة الحرارة التي فوقها لن يتم تسييل الغاز، بغض النظر عن الضغط المطبق. النفط الخام خليط من الهيدروكربونات الموجود كسوائل في الخزانات الطبيعية تحت سطح الأرض ويظل سائلا عند الضغط الجوي بعد المرور عبر مرافق فصل السطح. النفط الخام هو المواد الخام التي يتم تكريرها في البنزين، زيت التدفئة، وقود الطائرات، البروبان، البتروكيماويات، وغيرها من المنتجات. كريوجينيكش عملية إنتاج والحفاظ على والاستفادة من درجات حرارة منخفضة جدا (أدناه -46C - 50F). ذات الصلة في أعمال الغاز الطبيعي المسال. وسادة الغاز وسادة الغاز هو الغاز اليسار في مخزن الغاز لتوفير الضغط اللازم لإنتاج الغاز المخزنة، ولكن نفسه لا يزال غير المنتجة. وعادة ما يكون ذلك من أجل 50 من مجموع حجم المخزونات لطبقة المياه الجوفية والحقول المستنفدة، ولكن أقل بالنسبة لأنواع أخرى من التخزين. عندما يتم إنشاء مخزن في البداية الغاز وسادة، إلا إذا كان احتياطيات غير المنتجة التي تركت في حقل نضوب جزئيا، قد تكون جزءا كبيرا من التكلفة الرأسمالية. قد تستخدم أخيرا وسادة الغاز عندما يتم إيقاف تشغيل مخزن. المعروف أيضا باسم قاعدة الغاز. المعدل اليومي للإرسال إجمالي حجم الغاز الذي يتم تسليمه خلال فترة زمنية مقسوما على إجمالي عدد الأيام في الفترة. كمية العقد اليومية (دسك) مقدار الغاز الذي يتعهد المشتري بشرائه اسميا ويتعهد البائع بتسليمه في فترة 24 ساعة محددة. على الرغم من أنه يظهر في العديد من العقود، في الواقع هذا التعبير هو القليل من المعنى في حد ذاته. ويمكن أن تكون بمثابة وسيلة للتعبير عن كمية العقد السنوي إذا تم التعبير عن هذا الأخير على أنه عدد الأيام مضروبا في دسك. وقد يحدد أيضا المعدل الذي يجب أن يكون البائع قادرا على توريد الغاز. انظر أيضا: معدل التسليم اليومي. معدل التسليم اليومي معدل التسليم اليومي (در) هو المعدل الذي يجب أن تكون فيه مرافق البائعين قادرة على تسليم الغاز، ويعبر عنه بحجم الغاز يوميا أو كمضاعف من كمية العقد اليومية. المعروف أيضا باسم الحد الأقصى اليومي الكمية. الذروة اليومية الذروة اليومية هو الحد الأقصى لحجم الغاز الذي يمكن أو يجب أن يتم تسليمها في أي يوم واحد خلال فترة معينة (عادة سنة واحدة). عقد التفان A العقد التفاني هو المصطلح الصحيح لعقد استنزاف. حيث يتم شراء وبيع كامل الإنتاج من حقل للغاز. يوم درجة يوم درجة هو مقياس لمتوسط درجة الحرارة على مدى يوم واحد، وعادة ما ترتبط عتبة درجة الحرارة. على سبيل المثال، متوسط درجة الحرارة الفعلية 5C في اليوم هو 2 درجة أيام أكثر دفئا من متوسط درجة الحرارة المتوقعة من 3C. ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم لقياس الطقس البارد التراكمي على مدى فترة. وبالتالي إذا كانت درجة الحرارة العادية الموسمية لمدة شهر هو 18C ومتوسط درجة الحرارة الفعلية خلال الشهر ومن المتوقع أن يكون 8C، فإن الشهر سيكون 10 × 30 300 درجة أيام أكثر برودة من المعتاد. تم تسليمها مصطلح يستخدم أساسا في عقود شحن الغاز الطبيعي المسال لترتيب يكون بموجبه البائع مسؤولا عن ترتيب ودفع ثمن شحن الغاز، وتمرير الملكية في ميناء التسليم. وبوجه عام، تكون مخاطر البائعين أكبر في المعاملة التي يتم تسليمها لأن المشتري يدفع فقط لكمية الجودة التي يتم هبوطها، ويكون غاز الغليان هو مسؤولية البائع. ويكون البائع مسؤولا عن التخليص الجمركي ودفع جميع الرسوم ما لم ينص العقد على غير ذلك. الاسم البديل لعقد تسليم هو إكس شيب. تشبه إلى حد كبير تكلفة، التأمين والشحن (سيف). هذا الترتيب الذي يقوم البائع بموجبه بترتيب ودفع تكاليف الشحن والتأمين، كما هو الحال بالنسبة للعقد المبرم، ولكن يتم نقل المخاطر والملكية من البائع إلى المشتري بالطريقة المحددة في الاتفاقية (على سبيل المثال عند الشحن أو عند تسليم بوليصة الشحن إلى المشتري). سيف و تسليمها في كثير من الأحيان، ولكن خطأ، تعامل كما لو كانت متطابقة لأن التكاليف للبائع هي نفسها. ولكن بموجب عقد سيف، يمكن للبائع أن يتجنب حيازة البضاعة داخل ولاية حكومة البلد المشتري. وقد يكون ذلك مهما لأسباب مالية أو قانونية. أما الترتيب الثالث الذي يتم التقيد به في كثير من الأحيان في شحن الغاز الطبيعي المسال فهو مجاني على متن الطائرة (فوب)، والذي يستخدم للدلالة على عمليات التسليم حيث يقوم المشتري بترتيب الشحن، وهناك تسليم وتغيير العنوان في الوقت الذي يتم فيه تحميل البضاعة في السفينة في ميناء التحميل. رسم الطلب رسم شهري أو سنوي يدفعه المشتري للحصول على ذروة مرشحة ومحجوزة أو لحجم الذروة الفعلي للغاز المأخوذ في ساعة أو يوم في فترة معينة. وبالتالي فإن التعبير النموذجي قد يكون دولار لكل ألف قدم مكعب من ذروة القدرة كل ساعة في الشهر. وغالبا ما تستخدم بالتبادل مع رسوم السعة على الرغم من أنه يمكن القول أنه في منطق صارم الطلب يجب أن تنطبق رسوم على بيع الغاز ورسوم السعة إلى ترتيب النقل. عقد الاستنفاد عقد الاستنفاد هو عقد بيع الإنتاج الذي تخضع فيه أحجام المبيعات أساسا لخصائص أداء حقل غاز معين. وسيتم تحديد نمط البناء، وهضبة متوقعة وطريقة لتحديد أحجام التراجع في البداية، ولكن يمكن تعديلها مع فهم القدرات الإنتاجية للمجال بشكل أفضل من خلال الخبرة التشغيلية. وبالتالي يفترض المشتري حصة كبيرة من مخاطر الإنتاج. انظر أيضا عقد التفاني وعقد التوريد. استنزاف خزان الوقود خزان الغاز الذي يتم استرداد الغاز من خلال التوسع حيث ينخفض ضغط الغاز مع إنتاج الغاز أصلا في المكان. وبالتالي يمكن معالجة الخزان كما لو كان خزان مغلق. عوامل الانتعاش تصل إلى 90 من الغاز في مكان يمكن تحقيقه. في هذه الخزانات لا يوجد محرك المياه. إلغاء الضوابط التنظيمية إلغاء القيود التنظيمية هو تخفيض دور الهيئات التنظيمية المرتبطة عادة بزيادة المنافسة المفتوحة، وتحقيقها من خلال تبسيط الإطار التنظيمي. ولا ينبغي الخلط بين إلغاء القيود التنظيمية وبين التحرير الذي قد يتطلب إدخال عمليات تنظيمية شفافة. المشتقات المشتقات هي أدوات مالية تستند في نهاية المطاف إلى تداول سلعة مادي ة، بما في ذلك الغاز وأشكال أخرى من الطاقة. انظر أيضا العقود الآجلة. مقايضة. نقطة الندى إن درجات الحرارة التي تحت أي من الهيدروكربونات (نقطة الندى الهيدروكربونية) أو الماء (نقطة الندى المائي) ستبدأ في التكثيف من تيار غاز معين. يقلل التكثيف من دقة القياس ويخلق إزعاج الرخويات السائلة في خطوط الأنابيب، والتي سوف تحتاج إلى أن يتم مسحها بشكل دوري عن طريق تمرير خنزير على الرغم من خط أنابيب. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد تتفاعل المياه مع ثاني أكسيد الكربون أو كبريتيد الهيدروجين في تيار الغاز لتشكيل الأحماض، ومع الميثان نفسه، في ظل الظروف المناسبة، لتشكيل هيدرات. لذلك، في مرحلة المعالجة، تتم إزالة المياه عادة من تيار الغاز للحد من نقطة الندى إلى مكان ما حول -10C عند ضغط الأنابيب القياسية. التوزيع المرحلة النهائية في نقل الغاز (والكهرباء) وبيعها للمستهلكين النهائيين من خلال خطوط الأنابيب متوسطة الحجم والقطر الصغير الضغط المنخفض شبكات شبك. تخزين نهاري حرفيا، التخزين اليومي. التخزين القصير الأجل أو الذروة للغاز في خطوط الأنابيب أو حاملي الغاز، لتلبية التقلبات المحلية في الطلب خلال اليوم، بدلا من التخزين الموسمية. عامل التنوع نسبة مجموع متطلبات الحد الأقصى الفردية للعديد من المستهلكين أو الأحمال، إلى الحد الأقصى للطلب في وقت واحد. عادة أقل من 1 لتعكس أنه ليس من المتوقع أن جميع العملاء مطالبهم القصوى في وقت واحد. انظر أيضا تحميل عامل. المصب هذه الأنشطة في سلسلة الغاز الأقرب للعملاء النهائيين. انظر أوبستريم. تسامح الكمية الهبوطية (دكت) إن التسامح في الكمية الهبوطية (دكت) هو المبلغ الذي قد لا يقل فيه المشتري عن كامل كمية العقد السنوية في عقد بيع الغازات الخاضعة للدفع أو الدفع دون تكبد عقوبات. وإذا لم يكن هناك حكم يقتضي من المشتري أن يأخذ أحجاما تكميلية في السنوات اللاحقة من أجل التعويض عن النقص، تصبح كمية العقد السنوية سارية المفعول. انظر أيضا جعل جيدة والمكياج. غاز جاف اسم بديل ل لين غاس. وهذا لا يعني خالية من الماء، وإن كان في بعض الحالات قد يكون. حقل الغاز الجاف خزان من شأنه أن يسفر عن غاز دريلان وكميات صغيرة جدا من المكثفات عادة أقل من 10 برميل لكل مليون قدم مكعب. وهذا يعادل 350 برميلمسم أو 60 متر مكعب من النفط أوتممك الغاز بافتراض 0.159 متر برميل. ثقب جاف. بئر لا يمكن أن تنتج كميات تجارية من النفط أو الغاز. تقليديا يقتصر مصطلح حسنا على بئر يمكن أن تنتج النفط أو الغاز. إفيت الاتحاد الأوروبي لتجار الطاقة. مجموعة الضغط من الشركات الأوروبية لتجارة الطاقة مكرسة لتحفيز وتعزيز تجارة الطاقة. كفاءة الكفاءة، أو الكفاءة الحرارية، هي نسبة انتاج الطاقة إلى مدخلات الطاقة في العملية. ويتمثل أحد الاستخدامات الأكثر شيوعا لهذه النسبة في صناعة الغاز في استخدام الغاز لتوليد الطاقة، حيث يعبر عن الكهرباء التي يتم إرسالها كنسبة مئوية من الغاز المستهلك، ويقاس على أساس وحدة مشتركة على سبيل المثال. كيلوواط ساعة. ويلزم توخي الحذر للتمييز بين الكفاءة الصافية والإجمالية. انظر أيضا القيمة الحرارية الإجمالية. صافي القيمة الحرارية. المستخدم النهائي المستهلك للغاز، في القطاع السكني أو التجاري أو الصناعي. اللاعب النهائي في سلسلة الغاز. الدخول والخروج نظام الدخول والخروج هو أحد الحالات التي يتم فيها تحميل شاحن الغاز سعر دخول لوضع الغاز في شبكة نقل أو توزيع عند نقطة دخول محددة وسعر خروج لإزالة الغاز عند نقطة خروج محددة. يمكن أن تعكس الأسعار الازدحام عند نقاط الدخول والخروج، ولكنها هي نفسها بالنسبة لأي مستخدم. وقد يتناقض النظام مع الأنظمة من نقطة إلى نقطة، حيث تعتمد رسوم النقل على المسافة الفعلية أو النظرية التي تقطعها كل شحنة من الغازات. ويحبذ الاتحاد الأوروبي بشدة الدخول والخروج كوسيلة لتعزيز تحرير الغاز. إرجيغ المجموعة التنظيمية الأوروبية للكهرباء والغاز. إرجيغ هو الفريق الاستشاري الرسمي للجنة الأوروبية لمنظمي الطاقة. وأنشأت المفوضية الأوروبية، في تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر 2003، إرجيغ لمساعدة اللجنة في إنشاء سوق واحدة للاتحاد الأوروبي للكهرباء والغاز. أعضاء إرجيغ هم رؤساء السلطات التنظيمية للطاقة الوطنية في الدول الأعضاء في الاتحاد الأوروبي. إيثان إيثان (C2H6، غالبا ما يختصر إلى C2 في الاستخدام غير التقني) هو واحد من العناصر المكونة الرئيسية للغاز الطبيعي جنبا إلى جنب مع الميثان. يغلي في -84.4C. في درجات الحرارة العادية هو غاز جاف، عديم اللون والرائحة. مادة وسيطة لإنتاج الإيثيلين. الإيثيلين المعروف أيضا باسم إيثين. غاز عديم اللون (C2H4) ينتج عن تكسير الهيدروكربونات مثل الإيثان أو النفثا ويستخدم كمواد وسيطة للبتروكيماويات مثل الألياف والعديد من اللدائن. يغلي في -103.7C. الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس نظام تداول الإتحاد الأوروبي. أكبر مخطط متعدد الجنسيات للانبعاثات في العالم، ودعامة رئيسية للسياسة المناخية للاتحاد الأوروبي. الغاز الزائد المفرط للغاز إما: أ) الغاز الذي يتم دفعه بمعدل يزيد عن معدل التسليم اليومي بسعر مميز أو ب) الغاز الذي يتم تجاوزه من كمية العقد السنوية. اعتمادا على شروط العقد وحالة التسليم يمكن أن يكون هذا الغاز مؤهلا كما يحمل إلى الأمام. جعل جيدة أو المكياج الغاز. هيئة تنظيم الطاقة الفيدرالية (فيرك) وكالة حكومية اتحادية أمريكية تشمل مسؤولياتها تنظيم صناعة الغاز بين الولايات. ليس لها اختصاص على خط أنابيب الغاز والتوريد حيث التجارة هي تماما داخل الدول الفردية. المواد الخام الهيدروكربونات المستخدمة كمواد خام في عملية صناعية، وليس كوقود. وتتمثل الاستخدامات الرئيسية للغاز الطبيعي كمواد وسيطة في تصنيع الأسمدة القائمة على الأمونيا والأمونيا والميثانول. والسوق الرئيسية المحتملة هي استخدام الغاز لصنع منتجات النفط الاصطناعية مثل البنزين المحرك والمقطرات المتوسطة (انظر الغاز إلى السائل). ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم للدلالة على المواد الأولية المستخدمة لإنتاج الكهرباء، ولكن ملخصات إحصائية لاستهلاك الغاز تميز عادة هذا الاستخدام من استخدامات المواد الخام الكيميائية. انظر أيضا توليف التقطير الأوسط. تقييم ميداني عملية تحديد مستويات االحتياطي واإلمكانات اإلنتاجية لخزان نفطي) غاز النفط والغاز (الذي تم اكتشافه حديثا، وعادة عن طريق حفر واحد أو أكثر من آبار الترسيم أو التقييم. شركة غاز الغاز التي يلتزم المورد بتوريدها للمشتري بموجب شروط محددة في العقد، دون انقطاع. انظر أيضا: الغاز القابل للإنقطاع. عملية فيشر تروبش عملية كيميائية لتحويل الغاز التوليفي إلى البارافينات عن طريق البلمرة. وضعت أصلا في أوائل القرن 20 لجعل البنزين من الفحم. وقد حددت البحوث الحديثة المحفزات التي تزيد كثيرا من كفاءة العملية من خلال خلق منتجات شمعية طويلة جدا، والتي يمكن بعد ذلك تتحول إلى وقود السائل عالية الجودة جدا عن طريق تكسير التقليدية. انظر التوليف التقطير الأوسط. حدود القابلية للاشتعال الحد الأدنى والحد الأقصى للنسب المئوية للغاز في الهواء الذي سيشعل فيه الغاز. بالنسبة للغاز الطبيعي، تكمن هذه الحدود تقريبا بين 5 و 15. حرق الغاز عملية حرق الغاز الطبيعي أو الزيت غير المرغوب فيه. In the case of gas, usually occurs when it is associated with oil and cannot be economically exploited or re-injected. Now less prevalent, as governments seek to profit from the increased value of gas and reduce the advert environmental impact of burning hudrocarbons. Floating LNG Floating LNG (FLNG) is the use of purpose built or converted ships to enable regasification of LNG (and liquefaction) to be carried out offshore. FLNG has the advantage that LNG production and importation can start more quickly than could happen onshore, where lead times are often lengthened by the local approval process. It also enables the processes to move location to satisfy short term demand. Force Majeure A contractual term used to define circumstances in which a party to a contract is not obliged to carry out its obligations because of major events outside its control. Force Majeure can mean very different things, depending upon the law under which the contract is written and the provisions of the clause, which can vary widely. Examples of force majeure could be war, extreme weather, industrial action. Forward Trading Buying and selling gas (and other commodities) to be delivered at a later date, not under a long term contract. See Futures . Fuel Cell Equipment used to generate electric energy directly from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, without combustion. Natural gas can be used as a feedstock from which to obtain the hydrogen. Carbon dioxide will then be produced in the reformation process. Fuel Gas Gaseous fuels, in particular low pressure natural gas used to fuel production or treatment facilities. Futures A future is a contract to buy or sell a specified quantity of gas (or any other commodity) for a specified price on a pre-arranged date. The contract is usually of standard form and can itself be traded at an exchange such as NYMEX or the IPE . Gas:Oil Ratio . The gas:oil ratio is the relationship between the volume of gas produced at atmospheric pressure and the volume of oil produced in a given field. This volume will normally vary considerably over the life of the field. May be expressed as a simple volumetric ratio e. g. 500:1 or as cu ftBarrel. See also Solution Gas. Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (GEMA) The body which determines strategy and takes major policy decisions for Great Britains gas and electricity regulation. Day to day management of policy, resources and operational issues is carried out by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets ( OFGEM ). Gas Cap In a field where oil is saturated with gas, so that it can dissolve no more, some gas will collect at the top of the reservoir, where it is known as cap gas, and forms a gas cap. Cap Gas overlies the oil and thus provides additional pressure for oil production, but will therefore often be produced only after all the oil has been produced and will then be treated as Non Associated Gas . Unlike Solution Gas . it is not commingled with the oil. Gas Condensate Field A field consisting of one or more reservoirs containing a mixture of gases at reservoir temperature and pressure, but which at normal temperature and pressure separates out into natural gas and Condensates . A gas condensate field is richer in liquids than a Dry Gas field but there is no precise point at which one becomes the other. Sometimes a reservoir will be produced primarily to obtain the condensate the gas may be re-injected, used as a secondary product, e. g. for LNG production or, particularly in areas remote from the market, flared. The liquid in a gas condensate field is often more valuable than the gas. See also Gas Cycling . Gas Condensate Ratio The ratio of gas to condensate in a gascondensate reservoir, usually expressed in practice as the ratio of Condensate to gas. Typical units are barrels of condensate per million cubic feet of gas. Gas Cycling or Re-Cycling A process in which produced gas is re-injected into the reservoir after removal of the condensate. This is to maintain the reservoir pressure and prevent Condensate from condensing in the reservoir and then becoming difficult to recover. This contrasts with Blowing Down the gas condensate field. Gas Day A period of 24 hours starting and ending at a stated time (often 0600 hours). Gas Detector An instrument used to detect the presence of various gases, often as a safety precaution to guard against leakage of flammable or toxic gases. Gas Gathering System A gas gathering system is a network of pipelines from a number of fields, collecting gas and bringing it to a central point, often a processing system or the inlet to a major transportation pipeline. Sometimes built where individual fields are not big enough to justify investment in separate pipelines and processing plant. Gas Grid A gas grid or network is a connected set of pipelines for the transmission and distribution of gas in a region or country to industrial, commercial and domestic users. See Reticulation. Gas Holder Over ground structure used to hold gas for within-day Peak Shaving purposes in urban areas. Gas holders are relics of the manufactured gas era and are steadily disappearing, their function being largely usurped by Line Pack. Gas Lift Injection of gas into an oil reservoir in order to mix gas with oil, reduce the fluid density and so assist oil flow. Gas Marketer A company that supplies gas to end users. See also Shippers . and Local Distribution Companies . Marketers are also major users of transportation capacity. Gas Processing The separation of oil and gas, and the removal of impurities and natural gas liquids from natural gas to meet the delivery Specification of a gas transportation pipeline. Gas Supplier A company that sells gas to the end consumer (UK). Gas to Liquid Gas to Liquid GTL processes convert natural gas into Synthetic Gasoline or Middle Distillates . using the Fischer Tropsch synthesis method. Increasingly relevant where gas is found in fields remote from markets such that delivery by pipeline is likely to be uneconomic. Gas Turbine A turbine propelled by the expansion of compressed air, heated by the combustion of a fuel such as natural gas or gas oil. Widely used for power generation. See Combined Cycle Gas Turbine. Gas Well A borehole sunk into the ground with the objective of bringing natural gas to the surface. GNL The French language acronym for LNG . stands for Gaz Natural Liquifi. Greenfield Often used to refer to a planned development which must be built from scratch on a new site, hence green field, without existing infrastructure. Gross Calorific Value (GCV) The heat generated by the complete combustion of a unit volume of gas in oxygen, including the heat which would be recovered by condensing the water vapour formed. The preferred value for expressing gas calorific quality in gas contracts. Also known as Gross Heating Value, Higher Calorific Value (HCV) or Higher Heating Value (HHV). See also Net Calorific Value. Heads of Agreement A non-binding statement of the main elements of a proposed agreement. See Memorandum of Intent (MOI). Heel LNG LNG left in ship and shore storage tanks to maintain their cryogenic temperatures. Henry Hub Henry Hub is the largest centralized point for natural gas spot and futures trading in the United States. The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) uses Henry Hub as the notional point of delivery for its natural gas futures contract. NYMEX deliveries at Henry Hub are treated in the same way as cash-market transactions. Many natural gas marketers also use Henry Hub as their physical contract delivery point or their price benchmark for spot trades of natural gas. Henry Hub is owned and operated by Sabine Pipe Line, LLC, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of ChevronTexaco. Henry Hub is based on the physical interconnection of nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines in Louisiana. Hexane A colourless gas (C9H14) naturally occurring in gas fields and normally left as part of the Condensate stream after separation. Boils at -69C. High Sulphur Fuel Oil (HSFO) The bottom of the oil barrel. The lowest priced oil product now, for environmental reasons, often banned or only allowed to be used where rigorous control of emissions is practiced. In some countries with developing gas-to-oil competition it may represent the marker for power station fuel. Hourly Peak The maximum volume of gas delivered or demanded in any one hour during a given period (usually 24 hours). Hub A term, met most frequently in the U. S. but also now used in Europe, for a geographical point at which several pipelines meet, storage is often available, and opportunities for gas trading can be exploited. There are many hubs in the U. S. of which the most important is Henry Hub . In Europe the largest hub is the National Balancing Point in the UK. Hydrates Ice-like solids in which methane molecules are held within the molecular spaces of the water molecule. Can form in pipelines and wells under certain conditions of near freezing temperatures and high pressures. Their formation is averted by ensuring that water vapour levels in the gas are kept below specified levels. See also Treatment . Dew Point . Hydrates are found naturally beneath the ocean at depths greater than 300m in many areas, where they are estimated to have locked up many trillions of cubic metres of methane. There is speculation that these hydrates may provide a commercial resource in the future. Hydrates have also been proposed as a means of transporting natural gas by sea, possibly competing with LNG. Hydrocarbon An organic compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons exist as solids, liquids and gases. Impurities At the wellhead, natural gas will probably contain methane and various heavier fractions. It may also contain a number of non-hydrocarbons, some or all of which will need to be removed. There may also be substances introduced into the well as a result of drilling operations, such as inhibitors, mud etc. The principal harmful impurities in the gas itself are likely to be carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds, notably hydrogen sulphide, which can create corrosion in the pipelines in the presence of water and can seriously damage chemical plant units built of aluminium. Hydrogen Sulphide is also extremely toxic. Excessive water vapour can lead to the formation of acids and Hydrates . Some impurities, such as sulphur or helium, can be recovered economically as by-products if in sufficient concentration in the gas. Other impurities, such as inert gases and nitrogen cause no directly harmful effects but dilute the Calorific Value of the gas and mean that pipeline capacity is being wasted. Whether or not they should be removed is simply a question of economics. See also Treatment . Natural Gas Liquids . Condensates. Independent Power Plant (IPP) An IPP is an electric power generation plant owned and operated independently of the major national or regional entity, producing electricity for an industrial complex andor for sale to the electricity grid. Inert Gas: A chemically inert gas, resistant to chemical reactions with other substances. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) A means of generating electricity from coal and other low grade hydrocarbons by gasifying them at the electricity generation site thereby gaining some of the efficiency of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine generation. While the chemical amp engineering principles are well understood it has yet to be demonstrated as a commercial proposition. International Energy Agency A Paris-based organisation which co-ordinates the energy policies of its member countries. The IEA also compiles detailed energy statistics and country reports, including countries outside the organisation itself. An autonomous wing of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). International Gas Union The International Gas Union (IGU) was founded in 1931. A worldwide non-profit organisation of national gas industry associations whose objective is to promote the technical and economic progress of the gas industry. Organises the triennial World Gas Conference. International Petroleum Exchange The IPEis an energy futures and options exchange based in London. Gasoil futures have been traded since 1981, Brent crude futures from 1988, and natural gas futures since 1997. Absorbed into ICE, the InterContinental Exchange in 2005. See also New York Mercantile Exchange. Interruptible Gas Gas made available under agreements permitting the supplier to terminate, or interrupt deliveries, usually for a limited number of days in a specific period. Usually sold at a reduced price and used to boost salestransportation in slack seasons (normally the summer). Important in load balancing because (by reducing gas demand) it is an alternative to using stored gas. The converse of Interruptible Gas is Firm Gas. Into Plant Price (IPP) The price charged for gas at its entry to the plant. Joint And Several A contract term relating to responsibilities under a contract, usually for payment, often misunderstood. Where, for example, there are several buyers in one contract, a joint responsibility does not mean an equal or pro rata responsibility. It means that if one buyer defaults on its liabilities the other buyers will be liable to make good that default. Where responsibilities are several, each party is responsible only for its own default. Kyoto Japanese city which was the location for an international agreement on the need to reduce the level of emissions of greenhouse gases into the Earths atmosphere. Lean Gas Lean gas is gas high in methane content (typically 95 or more) and with few higher fractions. Hence of relatively low Calorific Value . Also known as Dry gas. The converse of Rich Gas. Liberalisation A term often confused with Deregulation but often meaning quite the reverse. Liberalisation is the process of freeing a market from what are perceived as undue monopolistic forces, to achieve which a high degree of regulation may be required, at least in early years. Limited Access Limited Access refers to a gas distribution system in which the host pipeline owner moves its own merchant gas under different rules to those applying to outsiders contracting for spare capacity. The system applies to local distribution companies and intrastate pipelines in the US and is analogous to but not identical with Negotiated Access . See also Common Carriage. Limited Liability A provision in very large gas contracts under which limits are set to the amounts payable by a defaulting party in a contract. Line Pack Line pack is a procedure for allowing more gas to enter a pipeline than is being withdrawn, thus increasing the pressure, packing more gas into the system, and effectively creating storage. The packed gas can subsequently be withdrawn when needed. A useful method of meeting short term (hourly or diurnal) peak demand requirements. In some areas, where there is a particularly high peak demand, a series of additional pipeline loops may be laid near the entry to a network to provide additional line pack. Such systems are effectively a modern version of the traditional Gas Holder. Liquid Market A trading market characterised by the ability to buy and sell with relative ease, usually because there are many buyers and sellers. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is Propane . Butane . or propane-butane mixtures which have been liquefied through pressure, mild refrigeration, or a combination of both. Usually a derivative of refinery operations but often stripped out of natural gas streams, if rich enough. Conventionally sold in steel containers as Bottle Gas . Not to be confused with LNG. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) LNG is Natural Gas which has been cooled to a temperature, around the boiling point of methane (-162C), at which it liquefies, thus reducing its volume by a factor of around 600. The exact boiling of any gas mixture and the reduction in volume will depend on its composition. The process of Liquefaction is carried out in a liquefaction plant. Mostly these are very large scale plants built for projects transporting gas by sea, but in many countries small LNG plants have been built to liquefy gas during the seasons of low demand to provide Peak Shaving when required. LNG Plants consist of one or more LNG Trains, each of which is an independent gas liquefaction unit. It is more cost effective to add a train to an existing LNG plant, than to build a new LNG plant, because infrastructure built for early trains, such as ship terminals and other utilities, may be capable of being used or expanded for new LNG trains. The term Train is sometimes extended loosely to embrace the relevant shipping, storage and other facilities required to bring the resultant LNG to market. Liquefied gas is transported and stored as a boiling liquid under slight positive pressure until required for use, when it is warmed and allowed to re-gasify. In the case of Peak Shaving, the gas will normally be regasified at the plant itself or possibly transported for short distances by road, but large scale transportation is by sea, in specially designed insulated LNG vessels and delivered to LNG terminals, which have the requisite facilities for storage and regasification - the process by which LNG is warmed, usually through a heat exchanger, in order to become once more gaseous before emission into the Gas Grid. Load Duration Curve A visual and statistical expression of a number of (daily) demands over a long period, most often a year. Demands are normally ordered with the highest to the left and the lowest to the right, so that the horizontal scale bears no relation to calendar timing. Can be used, among other things, to measure volumes of demand (or supply) above a given threshold. The area beneath the curve and between horizontal thresholds represents the volume required to supply a particular market segment. The approach is used in both electricity and gas industries. Load Factor A measure of utilization for plant, or of the relationship between average and peak demand or supply, as determined by the formula: Average x 100 Peak. For supply and demand calculations average and peak most often refer to daily demand within a year, but any other periods are possible. The resulting figure is usually expressed as a percentage but, where the period covered is a year, the percentage is sometimes multiplied by 8760, so that the load factor is expressed as a number of hours. Thus a 50 Load Factor can also be expressed as 4380 hours. See also Swing. Local Distribution Company (LDC) A company that distributes natural gas primarily to small, residential and industrial end-users. Looping Increasing the capacity of a pipeline system, by adding parallel piping along part or whole of the route. Does not apply to the addition of compression facilities. Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (LSFO) Fuel oil with a low sulphur content. Usually less dense than High Sulphur Fuel Oil . In new markets with gas-to-oil competition this often represents the marker fuel for large segments of the industrial market. Madrid Forum The Madrid Fotum, otherwise known as the European Gas Regulatory Forum, set up to discuss issues regarding the creation of a true internal European gas market. The participants include national regulatory authorities, Member State governments, the European Commission, transmission system operators, gas suppliers and traders, consumers, network users, and gas exchanges. Make Good Make Good Gas is gas which a buyer must take in a later year because it has failed to take its full Annual Contract Quantity obligation in an earlier year, but has not used its full Downward Quantity Tolerance . It must nevertheless take excess gas in subsequent years to make good its deficiency, before it is entitled to claim any Make Up Gas to which it is entitled through shortfalls greater than the Downward Quantity Tolerance. Make Up Make Up Gas is gas for which a buyer has paid under Take or Pay obligations but not taken, and may have rights to receive in subsequent years for no further charge or at reduced prices after it has taken gas in excess of an agreed threshold volume. This is commonly the Annual Contract Quantity but may, for example, be ACQ minus Downward Quantity Tolerance . Make up gas should not be confused with Make Good Gas. Memorandum of Intent (MOI) Also known as Confirmation of Intent and Letter of Intent. A half way house to the signing of a full contract. Its legal status is rather unclear and its value lies largely in how it is viewed by the parties concerned. It will normally be a fairly brief document setting out the principal framework of the contract and specifying a date by which it is expected that a full contract will be completed. An MOI will often have a relatively brief validity, but in some cases they have served to govern active operations over a period of years. Also known as a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and Heads of Agreement (HoA). Merchant Pipeline A pipeline system which itself buys and sells part or all of the gas it transports, in contrast to a pipeline which simply carries gas on behalf of others. See also Open Access . Negotiated Access . Common Carriage. Meter Measuring devise, usually located at a point where ownership is transferred, for example at the entry to a customers premises, city gate, national border or gas processing plant. Note that to determine the energy content of the gas it will be necessary to monitor the composition amp hence calorific value of the gas. This is done at high pressure meter stations but not normally downstream of a city gate. Depending on the size of flow, meters may be: Flow meters, measuring gas throughput using a rotor which is made to revolve by the gas flowing through them Ultrasound meters, more sophisticated, based on the principle that sound waves travel faster with than against the flow. By measuring the difference in travelling time between the two sets of measurements the gas flow rate can be measured to an accuracy of more than 0.5 Orifice plate meters, older, and less accurate than other meters. Calculate flow rates by measuring the drop in pressure over a pierced obstructing plate placed in the pipeline. See also Telemetry. Methane A colourless, odourless flammable gas, lighter than air under normal conditions (CH4, often abbreviated to C1 in non technical usage). Methane is the first member in the alkane (paraffin) series and is the chief constituent of Natural Gas . At atmospheric pressure, it liquefies at -162C. Methanol Methyl alcohol, produced from natural gas via Synthesis Gas . Used as a chemical in the resin and paint industry and in the manufacture of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, (MTBE) and acetic acid, but also of interest as a possible total or partial substitute for motor gasoline in cars. Very toxic. Middle Distillate Synthesis (MDS) A chemical process using the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis method for making synthetic middle distillates (principally naphtha, kerosene and gas oil) from natural gas. Midstream Those activities in the gas chain concerned with moving gas between the source and local distribution. See Upstream. National Balancing Point (NBP) The NBP is an imaginary (notional, or virtual) point at which all gas that has paid the entry charge to enter the UK National Transmission System is deemed to be located. The point at which most UK gas trading takes place, and the largest gas hub in Europe. See Entry Exit. Natural Gas Natural gas (NG) is a mixture of generally gaseous hydrocarbons occurring naturally in underground structures. Natural gas consists mainly of Methane and variable proportions of Ethane . Propane and Butane . There will usually be some condensate andor oil associated with the gas. More specifically, the term is also used to mean treated natural gas which is supplied to industrial, commercial and domestic users and meeting a specified quality. Natural Gas Act (NGA) Seminal example of deregulation liberalisation in the USA. Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) Heavier hydrocarbons found in natural gas production streams and extracted for disposal separately. Within defined limits ethane, propane and butane may be left in the gas to enrich the Calorific Value . Whether to extract them or not is largely a commercial decision. Heavier fractions which are liquids at normal temperatures and pressures will be removed. The terms Natural Gas Liquids and Condensates are in practice used virtually interchangeably. Rather confusingly, there is no agreement on whether the term NGLs includes or excludes LPGs and both usages are current. Natural Gasoline Butanes and heavier fractions extracted from rich natural gas which, after stabilisation (removal of the lighter fractions) may be blended into motor gasoline. Negotiated Access Negotiated Access is a restricted form of Third Party Access, which excludes the requirement for the access terms to be transparent or applied equally to all applicants. It has been proposed in the European Union as a compromise by opponents of Open Access. Sometimes abbreviated to nTPA. Broadly defines access by one party to another partys facilities through negotiation, the result of which is, by implication, confidential, and not necessarily consistent with negotiations between the facility owner and other parties. See also Access . and Limited Access. Net Calorific Value, (NCV) The heat generated by the complete combustion of a unit volume of gas in oxygen, excluding the heat which would be recovered by condensing the water vapour formed. Net Calorific Value is usually seen as a measure of the effective heat produced rather than the total heat in the gas. Also known as Lower Calorific Value or Lower Heating Value. For natural gas, typically 10 lower than the GHV or HHV. See also Gross Calorific Value. Netback The price or value of a gas, at e. g. the border or the wellhead, calculated by deducting the costs associated with getting it from that point to the eventual point of sale from its competitive value at that point of sale. Used to estimate the comparative value of selling gas to various markets, and the worth of producing gas at all. Network Code A detailed contractual regime governing access to a gas grid. Network Codes exist or are being developed in several countries, especially in Europe. In North America the rules of the system are referred to as The Tariff. In particular, the contractual regime for the gas grid in Great Britain operated by National Grid. It is continually amended through rules approved by the GB energy regulator, ( Ofgem ). See also Tariff and Rates. New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex) The worlds largest physical commodity futures exchange. Has existed for 130 years and pioneered the development of energy futures and options contracts in the 1970s. Nitrogen Oxides Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) resulting from the combustion of fuels, causing atmospheric pollution in the form of smog. Non Associated Gas Non-Associated is gas found in a reservoir which contains no crude oil, and can therefore be produced in patterns best suited to its own operational and market requirements. See also Associated Gas. Odorants Strong smelling chemicals injected into natural gas, which otherwise is odourless, in order to make its presence more easily detectable. See Mercaptans. Odorisation The process of giving odourless natural gas a smell for safety reasons by injecting small quantities of organic sulphur compounds, such as Mercaptans . typically at the rate of 30 ppm. Usually carried out at the city gate or at the exit from the high pressure transmission system. OFGEM Office of Gas and Electricity Markets, (OFGEM) The regulator for the gas and electricity industries in Great Britain. Governed by the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority . Its powers are provided by the Gas Act 1986, the Electricity Act 1989 and the Utilities Act 2000. Successor organisation to OFGAS and OFFER, the former separate Gas and Electricity Regulators. Offtake Point The point in a gas system where gas is taken by supply pipe to a consumer. Oil Gasification The conversion of oil or naphtha into gas to be used as a fuel. See also Manufactured Gas. On the day Commodity Market (OCM) System of within-day gas trading introduced into Great Britain in 1999. A screen-based system designed to allow shippers, traders and the system operator (then Transco, now National Grid) to resolve within-day demand and supply imbalances in an orderly fashion. Open Access A system offering all applicants access to specified infrastructure. See Common Carriage. Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) A gas turbine, often derived from aero-engines, used for peak generation of electricity. Also used in conjunction with a steam turbine in a combined cycle power plant. When only the gas turbine is used it may be termed single cycle. Open Season A procedure for demonstrating to a regulator that capacity is offered on a transparent basis. It is used principally where pipelines are required by regulation to offer only transportation services, for example in North America and the Southern Cone of South America. It is also being used elsewhere as a means of gathering information about potential interest in a pipeline. LNG, storage etc project to help the sponsors decide how and when to size the project. Off-Peak The period during a day, week, month or year when the load being delivered by a gas system is not at its maximum volume. Over the Counter Trading (OTC) Trading that takes place outside a formal Exchange. Peak Day The day in the year on which the demand for gas is highest. In temperate areas this is normally a cold day in mid winter. In warmer areas it may occur midsummer, when there is a high air conditioning load met either directly by gas or by gas-fired power. A crucial indicator in planning and sizing gas infrastructure. Peak Hour The hour in the day in which demand for gas is highest. Chiefly relevant to distribution systems. Is normally around the midday or evening meal time Peak Load The maximum load produced or consumed by a unit in a stated period of time. In some tariff systems it is an important component of the tariff design, since it defines the capacity that is booked in the gas delivery system and must be paid whether or not used. Peak Shaving Peak shaving is a means of reducing the Peak Load on the gas transportation and supply system by supplying some gas from sources at or close to the point of ultimate consumption, thus improving the average Load Factor . Peak shaving may be daily or seasonal and will be handled in a variety of ways: - Underground storage . peak shaving LNG plants, Line Pack . Gas Holders . propane-air plant and, occasionally, special peak shaving supply contracts. A non-storage alternative to peak shaving is to interrupt I nterruptible Gas supplies. Permeability A measure of the ease with which liquids or gas flow through a reservoir rock. Compare this with Porosity . Gas will flow more easily than oil, and so can be recovered from rocks with lower permeability. Permeability is measured in Darcies. Gas reservoirs may have permeabilities of only a few millidarcies. Petrochemical An intermediate chemical derived from petroleum, hydrocarbon liquids, or natural gas, such as ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Pig Equipment used to clean or flush out liquids and other accumulated and unwanted items from the inside of an oil or gas pipeline. It is inserted into the pipeline and carried along by the flow of oil or gas. An intelligent pig includes measuring and sensing equipment which can be used to inspect a pipeline internally, which is useful after it has been buried underground Pipeline A tube for the transportation of crude oil or natural gas between two points, either offshore or onshore. Pipeline Capacity The amount of oil or gas that can be passed through a pipeline over a given period of time. Plateau In long term gas contracts the period of years for which the Annual Contract Quantity remains flat. The Plateau will normally be preceded by a build up period, during which the volumes increase and, in the case of a Depletion Contract will be followed by a period of decline until further production is no longer economic. Porosity The proportion of a rock volume (expressed as a percentage) that is occupied by the voids between mineral grains. Used to help estimate the volume of hydrocarbons in a field. Compare this with P ermeability . Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) A contract between a power station and the electricity purchasing organisation for the sale of electricity. Primary Energy The gross amount of energy used, measured in the quantities of the original fuel produced (e. g. crude oil) before conversion to other forms (e. g. refined petroleum products or electricity). Thus hydroelectric power and nuclear power are Primary, but power from generating stations consuming fossil fuels is not. Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) An agreement between an international producing company and a host government or state oil company under which the international company acts as risk-taking contractor investing in exploration andor production facilities in return for the right to export or sell a quantity of gas or oil that may be produced from the Concession or Block . Sometimes known as a Production Sharing Contract. The terms are interchangeable and the use of one or the other depends on the country. Profit Gas Frequently used to signify the gas received by a Contractor in a Production Sharing Agreement to provide the profit in the operation. Normally the Contractor will receive Cost Gas to cover its costs and, after other minor provisions, the remaining gas will be split with the host government in agreed proportions. In some countries profit gas is also subject to income tax, in other jurisdictions the State Oil Company is assumed to pay the income tax liability of the contractor. The proportion of profit gas is adjusted depending on local practice. May be used to signify the totality of gas remaining after Cost Gas, Royalty and similar items, including therefore both the Governments and the Contractors shares. Project Financing A method of financing in which the lender makes loans directly to a project and may claim repayment only out of that project. In theory, the lender has no recourse to the project sponsors other assets (non-recourse financing) but in practice this is rare. More commonly the extent of the sponsors liability is strictly defined (limited recourse financing). Propane A member of the alkane (paraffin) group of hydrocarbons with three carbon atoms in its molecule ( C3H8, often abbreviated to C3 in non technical usage). A frequent component of natural gas, also sold as a form of Bottled Gas . Liquefies at -42C. Proven Reserves Those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable, from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. Proven (proved) reserves can be categorised as developed or undeveloped. Where probabilistic methods have been used to estimate reserves, proven reserves are those with a better than 90 chance of being economically recoverable. Sometimes abbreviated as P90. Reserves with a greater than 50 chance but less than 90 chance are defined as Probable, or P50. Reserves with a greater than 10 chance but less than 50 chance are Possible or P10. Reserves may be classified as proved, if facilities to process and transport them to market are operational at the time of the estimate or there is a reasonable expectation that such facilities will be installed. Reasonable expectation is usually taken to mean that a developer has taken the decision to build the necessary facilities and the development plan has been approved by the relevant authorities. Thus large resources, such as those known to exist in North Alaska, are not classified as proven because there is no route to market. Different countries have adopted many different definitions of reserves, but gas contracts often refer to the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) definitions. These and similar definitions from the World Petroleum Council were harmonised in 1997. Public Service Obligation A Public Service Obligation (PSO) is a requirement imposed by government on a company or companies to provide services which might not otherwise be profitable but are judged to be in the public interest. These could, for instance, include supplying gas to small or poor consumers, ensuring that appliances and other infrastructure is operating efficiently and safely, and ensuring that there are sufficient back-up gas supplies to cover emergency interruptions in supply. Public Utility Commission (PUC) State commissions in the USA responsible for regulating gas, and other utilities that operate within the boundaries of the state. See Regulation. Ramping Rate The rate at which the level of production can be increased after a partial or complete interruption. Rates North American term for the charges for the use of pipeline and storage capacity, referred to in other parts of the English-speaking world as Tariff. The North American definition of Tariff is more nearly equivalent to Network Code. Raw Natural Gas Natural gas still containing impurities and unwanted substances, such as water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide gas and helium. See also Impurities . Treatment. Recovery Factor The percentage of gas or oil in place in the reservoir which can be economically recovered. Gas Recovery factors may be around 60-70 in reservoirs with water drive from an Aquifer and up to 90 in Depletion Drive Reservoirs. Regasification The reconversion of LNG into gas suitable for pipeline transportation. See LNG. Regulated Access Access to infrastructure under terms and conditions set by or agreed with a Regulator . Such access will usually be open to all qualifying customers. See Common Carriage. Regulator (1) A mechanical device for controlling the pressure of gas within acceptable limits. Typically installed when has enters a low pressure distribution system for final use by small customers. (2) The person or body appointed to oversee the operation of the regulated parts of a gas industry. See Regulation. Regulation Regulation is a substitute for free market operation typically, in the gas industry, where all or part of the operations are carried out by institutional or natural monopolies. Provides a temporary or permanent counterweight to the economic power of the monopoly. Often exercised politically by government departments, but in many countries independent regulation is thought preferable. In any case the rules governing regulation will normally have been laid down explicitly by government legislation. Regulation can be economic restricting the revenue and profits of operators - or legal policing legislation. Regulators are normally closely involved in the setting up of liberalised market systems, when they may use their central position to interpret and rule on the applicability of legislation either ex-ante or ex-post. See Common Carriage. Renewable Energy An energy form, the supply of which is partly or wholly regenerated in the course of the annual solar cycle. Thus solar and wind energy, hydropower and fuels of vegetable origin are regarded as renewable mineral fuels and nuclear power are not. Reservoir A reservoir is an accumulation of oil andor gas in a permeable and porous rock such as sandstone. A petroleum reservoir normally contains three fluids (oil, gas and water), which separate into distinct sections, owing to their varying specific gravities. Gas occupies the upper part of the reservoir as it is the lightest, oil the middle section, while water occupies the lower section. See also Permeability . Porosity . Gas Cap . Aquifer . Solution Gas . Proven Reserves. Reticulation A reticulation network is a small diameter, low pressure gas system serving residential and commercial customers. (From the Latin word reta, meaning net). See also Distribution. Retrograde Condensate A gas condensate which, in the reservoir, is close to the Dew Point of the fluid. A small reduction in pressure, by production of the field, leads to the condensation of higher hydrocarbons in the reservoir, causing a lower Recovery Factor . Royalty A tax on production volumes, often paid in kind, which is levied as a percentage of production. It is therefore not related to the profitability of the production project, merely to the volume of gas (or oil) produced. R:P Ratio The Reserves: Production Ratio is the number of years that current reserves would last at current production levels. Thus reserves of 100 divided by consumption of 20year gives an R:P ratio of 5, and implies a life of 5 years for the reserve. RPI-X A regulatory formula by which a regulated monopoly is allowed to increase its prices each year by the retail price index (RPI) minus a defined amount or percentage x (x is a variable). Gives consumers falling real prices and forces the utility to reduce costs if it is to maintain its level of profitability. Sales Gas Raw gas, after processing to remove LPG, condensate and carbon dioxide. Sales gas usually consists mainly of methane and ethane and is odorised. See Odorisation. Salt Cavity Storage The storage of gas in caverns leached out in gas-tight salt strata. Such caverns may be generated during the recovery of salt for commercial purposes, or may be purpose-built for gas storage. Scrubbing The process of purifying a gas or liquid by washing it with suitable chemicals in a contact vessel. Seal The layer of rock overlying a gas field which prevents the gas escaping from the reservoir. It is therefore of low Permeability . Salt and fine clays can provide good seal. Seasonal Normal The average (or normal) result for the time of year. Thus Seasonal Normal Temperature (SNT) is the average temperature on a calendar day, where the average has been measured over a suitably long period. Likewise Seasonal Normal Demand, Seasonal Normal Weather. SNT is an important factor in developing forecasts of gas usage. See Weather Correction. Seasonal storage Storage designed to be filled at times of low (season) demand and emptied at times of high demand, over months rather than days. Security of Supply Security of supply is a term with several meanings including: the provision of adequate infrastructure to cope with annual and peak demand the provision of sufficient gas to meet annual and peak demand ensuring that a country or area does not rely exclusively on one, or very few sources of supply. Seismic Survey A technique for establishing the presence of underground geological strata using sound waves. There are two main techniques - reflection or refraction. In the oil and gas industry by far the most common is reflection. In a reflection survey sound waves are sent into the ground and the echoes from boundaries between rock with different properties of density and sound velocity are recorded. The sound waves recorded at the surface can then be used to create maps of the rock layers in the subsurface to reduce the risk of drilling dry holes. A reflection seismic survey may be either 2D, in which the reflections are recorded along a line or 3D, in which the lines are very closely spaced to deliver a three dimensional view of the subsurface. A refraction seismic survey is a different technology in which the sound waves are refracted along rock boundaries rather than reflected from them. Send-Out The quantity of gas delivered by a plant or system during a specified period of time. Shipper A party negotiating for the transport of gas on its own behalf or as an agent for another. In liberalised markets shippers may not be allowed to operate transportation systems. Slug Catcher Plant installed in a gas pipeline system or gas processing plant to catch slugs of liquid. Usually this takes the form of a long section of pipe, inside which the pressure is allowed to drop by a controlled amount. See also Pig. Solution Gas Solution Gas, unlike Cap Gas is Associated Gas dissolved in oil. Produced inevitably with the oil and separated from it at the well-head. Solution Gas production is thus a function of oil production and of the GasOil Ratio . which changes over the life of the field. It is therefore an unreliable gas supply and difficult to market, unless the buyer or seller have large alternative sources. Has in the past largely been flared or vented but this is becoming less acceptable, largely for environmental reasons, although is still not uncommon in remoter areas. Separation is often carried out in two or three stages to maintain the gas pressure for pipelining as far as possible. Gas from the final stage separator is at low pressure and is normally used in the field or on the platform during production. The gas may be re-injected into the reservoir if it will not break through into the oil wells. Sour Gas Gas containing a high level of Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen Sulphide, which are corrosive in the presence of water. They may therefore require drying or removal to preserve the pipeline. The converse of Sweet Gas. Spark Spread The spark spread represents the difference between the cost of fuel and the price of electric power produced. A positive spread indicates that the price of the power is higher than that of the fuel, and the spread is profitable. The spread can be calculated for any input fuel, such as natural gas, coal, or heating oil. Specification The technical description of the allowable limits of the chemical composition of gas which may be admitted into a pipeline or process. Specific Gravity The ratio of the density of gas to that of air, or the ratio of the density of a liquid to that of water, in both cases at the same temperature and pressure. Spot Trading A loose term covering the buying and selling of gas other than under a long term contract. Generally in trading parlance spot delivery means immediate delivery. Standing Charge Tariff term for a fixed charge, typically per quarter or per year, irrespective of the amount of gas actually taken. Synonymous with Connection Charge but to be distinguished from Demand Charge. Storage For natural gas storage facilities fall into several categories. Seasonal storage comprises depleted gas fields Aquifers S alt Cavity Storage mined caverns and disused mines. Peak storage includes Gas Holders . Line Pack . lengths of pipeline buried specifically for storage use, and LNG storage used either for base-load or peak-shaving duties, depending on the market. Increasingly used in liberalised markets to enable gas to be trade at any time of the year for reasons not related to peak demand. See also Peak Shaving . Straddle Plant A gas processing plant that straddles a gas transportation pipeline to remove NGLs from the gas stream. Because it is often more economic to transport Rich Gas a straddle plant is required to process the plant to final sales specification. The alternative location of a gas processing plant is close to the producing field. NGLs are then transported as liquids away from the field area either by separate pipeline or other means. Supply Contract A contract under which the seller undertakes to supply gas in guaranteed volumes over a fixed period of time. A Supply Contract is therefore in sharp contrast to a Depletion Contract as the seller assumes the volume risks. Whilst certain fields may be envisaged in the contract, the seller will normally have the right to substitute other suitable gas if necessary. Swaps (1) Arrangements under which gas destined for a market is delivered elsewhere, and substitute gas is supplied to the final market. For instance, Nigerian LNG contracted to Italy is delivered to France, and other gas contracted to France is delivered to Italy. (2) In trading, the exchange of a fixed price for a floating price for a future delivery. Sweet Gas Gas containing little or no Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen Sulphide. Converse of Sour Gas. Swing The inverse of Load Factor . defined as: Peak volume transported (sold) Average volume transported (sold) Expressed as a percentage. Thus a load factor of 60 is a swing of 167. Often used to describe the flexibility of supplies over a year. Synthesis Gas Also known as Syngas, Synthesis Gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from methane or other hydrocarbons and steam and used to produce various chemicals, notably methanol. It is also the basis for the Fischer Tropsch process. See also: Middle Distillate Synthesis. Synthetic Gasoline Motor gasoline produced from coal (by the Fischer Tropsch process) or from natural gas (by the Fischer Tropsch process or via methanol). See also Middle Distillate Synthesis. Take or Pay Take or Pay (TOP) is a common provision in gas contracts under which, if the Buyers annual purchased volume is less than the Annual Contract Quantity minus any shortfall in the Sellers deliveries, minus any Downward Quantity Tolerance . the Buyer pays for such a shortfall as if the gas had been received. The Buyer may have the right in subsequent years to take the gas paid for but not received, either free or for an amount to reflect changes in indexed prices. See also Make Up Gas. Tariff A schedule of rates or charges offered by a common carrier or utility. Tariffs are commonly available for all parts of the gas industry where third party access is enforced or offered, for example for gas transmission in pipelines, for the use of gas stores, for gas sales to residential customers. Telemetry A technique used in the gas industry for recording information at a distance from the Meter or other recording device, typically by radio transmission of the data. Temperature Demand Analysis The statistical analysis of the causal relationships between weather (and other) factors and the demand for gas. An essential prelude to forecasting demand. See Seasonal Normal and Weather Correction. Temperature Correction The process of adjusting actual gas usage to what it would have been at Seasonal Normal Temperatures, to allow comparisons to be made between results for different time periods, typically years. See weather correction. Title Transfer Title transfer is the transfer of which ownership of gas from the seller to the buyer. Typically this may occur somewhere between the well head and entry into the transmission system, at national border crossings, at the City Gate etc. In the world of traded gas, possible points of transfer become more numerous. A special case is the transfer of LNG at some specified point on the high seas. See Delivered. Trading Volume The number of contracts that change hands during a specified period of time. See also Churning. Transit The transportation of gas through a country or gas system en route to the final customer. For example, Russian gas may transit through Ukraine en route to customers in western Europe. Transmission The transportation of large quantities of gas at high pressures, often through national or regional transmission systems. The gas is then transferred into local distribution systems for supply to customers at lower pressures. Transmission Company The company responsible for operating a transportation system. In liberalised markets there is increasing pressure for such companies to be restricted to offering capacity in pipelines for sale, and to be barred from selling gas itself. The companies are also commonly known as Transmission System Operators (TSOs) a title which reinforces their restricted role. See Unbundling. Transmission Pipeline A network of pipelines moving natural gas from a gas processing plant via compressor stations, to storage centres or distribution points. Transparency A general term meaning open publication of information. In the gas industry it is generally used in relation to costs, prices and capacity, where information has traditionally been considered commercially confidential. Costs and prices generally reflect a number of elements, such as production, transportation, storage, service. Transparency generally involves separating out or U nbundling these elements, usually as a result of regulatory requirements. A further step towards transparency involves the publication of the methodology used to calculate the different elements of costs and prices. Transporter A gas pipeline company transporting gas belonging to other companies. Also the operator of LNG vessels. See Transmission Company. Trap A configuration of reservoir and seal rocks that can confine gas (or oil) which are lighter than water normally contained in the reservoir rock. Structural traps are formed by a closed structure of R eservoir rock overlain by a sealing formation (the Seal ). May also be formed by stratigraphic changes within a reservoir rock in which case it is known as a stratigraphic trap. Treatment Any gas purification process, but most generally applied to the treatment of gas immediately after production, to bring it to acceptable standard for the market in question andor to extract valuable components for separate sale. This may involve the removal of LPGs and will certainly involve stripping out Condensates . Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide and other sulphur compounds (see also Acid Gas ) mercury and excessive water which may be in the raw gas. Other impurities are occasionally encountered. Whether other inert gases such as nitrogen, helium etc are extracted will be a matter for economic evaluation. UKCS United Kingdom Continental Shelf. Unbundling Unbundling is a term with several meanings for the gas industry but more accurately, and originally, it was used to denote the separation of different services and the charges associated with them. Originally used in the US in restructuring the telephone industry. it was adopted in the gas industry to denote the separation of gas sales from transportation and storage services. This is still the most usual meaning of the term, particularly in North America, where large customers are now free to purchase gas and services separately. However the European Commission uses the term Unbundling to mean the financial disaggregation of different functions within integrated companies, such as transmission and marketing. Where companies perform multiple functions, the Commission has sought to require separate accounting for the functions. Its aim is therefore much more related towards Transparency and eliminating the potential for anti-competitive cross subsidisation activities. Underground Storage The storage of gas, for strategic or peak shaving reasons, in underground reservoirs. Depleted gas fields are often suitable. Other possibilities include depleted oil fields, Aquifers and Salt Cavity Storage . In the context of LNG, underground storage refers to normal LNG storage tanks which are, however, buried to provide greater safety in the event of leakages. Unitisation Agreement When a gas field extends over two or more production licences or leases with different ownership, most countries require that the field owners unitise their holdings i. e. decide how the reserves and production of the total field will be shared between the licensees, thus enabling the efficient depletion of the reserves. The Unitisation Agreement normally provides for the appointment of a field operator, a method of determining the reserves underlying each licence or lease and the frequency of reserve re-determination. Upstream Upstream, Midstream and Downstream are imprecisely defined terms used to separate activities along the gas and oil chain into homogenous groups. Upstream typically refers to exploration, development amp production of oil amp gas. Sometimes also defined to embrace Midstream, which typically covers transmission (as opposed to distribution) LNG shipping etc. Downstream typically refers to activities associated with delivery to final consumers, such as distribution systems and connections to customer premises. Water Drive In a porous rock, as gas is withdrawn from the reservoir, water expands into the region formerly occupied by the gas as pressure is released. This often has the result of trapping volumes of gas so that they cannot be produced, thus reducing the recovery of gas. Not a problem with a D epletion Drive Reservoir . See Aquifer. Water Gauge A measure often used to express the pressure of gas in distribution systems, using water instead of mercury. The gauge records how far up a gradated tube gas will lift a column of water. Distribution systems normally operate at about 300mm (12 inches) water gauge (i. e. 300mm above atmospheric pressure). For comparison, atmospheric pressure is a little above 10 metres of water. Wayleave The strip of land around a gas pipeline or other utility to which the utility has legal right of access for building and maintenance. Weather correction A procedure for estimating what customer demand would have been in S easonal Normal weather conditions. Thus in a cold year seasonal normal demand will be lower than actual demand and vice versa. Well A hole drilled into the ground, mostly by rotary rigs, in which a drill bit, which actually cuts the rock, is turned on the end of a drill string, made up of lengths of hollow steel pipe which are added to the string as the bit drills deeper into the ground. Wells have various descriptions depending on the stage of the production process at which they are drilled. Exploration wells are drilled to discover if gas (or oil) can be found Evaluation or appraisal wells are drilled to obtain more information about a previous discovery Development wells are drilled to produce gas from a field which is being developed, and are called Producing wells when the field enters commercial production. Wheeling Physically redirecting gas from one pipeline system to another at a Hub as opposed to changing the title by swap arrangements. Wobbe Index Occasionally referred to as the Wobbe number. A measure of the rate at which gas will deliver heat on combustion and hence of the compatibility of a gas with gas burning equipment. Working Gas In a gas store, the total volume of gas present less C ushion Gas . In other words the gas available for normal working. Hence working gas capacity - the total capacity of a storage facility minus cushion gas. GLOSSARY OF UNITS Absolute Pressure The sum of Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure i. e. pressure by reference to a vacuum Atmosphere: A measure of pressure, now largely superseded by the Bar to which it is nearly identical. Originally equal to 760 mmHg it has now been redefined as 101,325 pascals and consequently 1 atmosphere 1.01325 bars. Atmospheric Pressure The pressure of the weight of air and water vapour on the surface of the earth. Bar The most used unit for expressing gas pressure. It is equal to 100,000 pascals (Nm2), which is the official SI unit. 1 Bar is approximately atmospheric pressure. bbl A US barrel, 1 barrel 0.159 cubic metres 42 U. S. gallons (approx35 imperial gallons). The abbreviation is also sometimes written as B or b. bblday Barrels per day. Usually used to quantify a refiners output capacity or an oilfields rate of flow. Bcm Billion cubic metres (i. e milliard or 109 cubic metres). Billion In the US 109. Although elsewhere billion often signifies 1012, the Natural Gas industry has generally adopted the US usag e. Boe Barrels of oil equivalent - a frequently used number to quantify general energy requirements for practical purposes. One boe is usually taken as representing 5.8 MMBtu gross. British thermal unit A unit of heat still widely used in the gas industry, notably in North America and in LNG. Originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one lb of water from 60 to 61 Fahrenheit, it is now defined in relationship to a fixed number of Joules (1055.056 to three decimal points). The most common multiple is one million Btu, normally abbreviated to MMBtu and U. S. dollarsMMBtu is perhaps the most frequently used unit for comparing gas prices on a common basis. See also Therm. Cal Calorie. Formerly the SI unit of energy, now no longer part of the system but still extensively used in Europe. The calorie was nominally the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1C at 1 standard atmosphere and starting from 14.5C, but is now defined arbitrarily as: 4.1868 J. The most common multiple used is the Megacalorie (Mcal). Cf Cubic feet. Measure of gas volume, referring to the amount of gas needed to fill a volume of one cubic foot at 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute pressure and 600F. cm Cubic metres. Note however that cm is also the official abbreviation for centimetre. Deca Therm Also deka therm. A term sometimes used in the U. S. in lieu of one million Btu. Gauge Pressure The amount of pressure shown by a gauge, i. e. the amount by which the pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. See also Absolute Pressure. GJ GigaJoule. One GigaJoule is approximately equal to 9.478 MMBtu. One million Btu equals 1.055 GJ. GWh GigaWatts per hour. J Joule - The unit of energy in the SI system and the unit approved by the International Gas Union for the expression of heat in the gas industry. Its definition is one Newton metre. In practice the industry has been reluctant to embrace the Joule for commercial purposes and it is only current in Australia and New Zealand. For practical purposes the multiples most in use are the MegaJoule (MJ) and the GigaJoule (GJ), although Petajoule ( PJ ) is also seen. For quick calculations 1 GigaJoule is very close in value to 1 MMBtu. Kelvin Measurement of temperature equivalent to 1273.16 of the interval between absolute zero and the triple point of water. The official unit of the SI system. The Kelvin is identical to 1 degree Celsius, which is the term most often used in practice, but the scale is different (0C273.16 K). Note incidentally that the Kelvin is itself the unit of measurement and references to 1 degree Kelvin are incorrect. kW KiloWatt One thousand Watts. kWh KiloWatt hour - Together with its multiples, rapidly becoming the most used unit for energy in gas, although its use is not strictly in accordance with the SI system or with IGU preferences. Since 1 Joule 1 Watt per second, the conversion factor 1 kWh 3.6 MJ is exact. Long ton 2240 lb. The most usual form of non-metric ton. Mcf Thousand cubic feet. Mcm Thousand cubic metres. Milliard Synonymous with US billion - 109. MM Widely used in the gas industry to mean a million (106), although this usage is incorrect, according to the SI convention. Similarly M is often used to represent a thousand (103). When the lower case letters m and mm are used, these usually denote a thousand and a million respectively. In everything else M is correctly used to mean Million as in MWh. MMbbl Million barrels. MMcf Million cubic feet. MMcm Million cubic metres. MMscm Million standard cubic metres. Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent. Mtpa Million tonnes per annum, a widely used unit of volume in the LNG industry. MW MegaWatt - one million Watts. ncm Normal Cubic Metre - A cubic metre measured at 0 C and 1013 mbar dry. The most used metric unit for measuring the volume of gas. It differs from the Standard cubic metre ( scm ) in the temperature at which the measurement is made. The Normal cubic metre thus contains about 5 more heat content than the Standard cubic metre. PJ PetaJoule - Standard unit in the Australian gas industry, equivalent to 1 million (106) GJ and therefore roughly equal to 1 million MMBtu . It is therefore close to 1 Bcf or some 30 million cubic metres. ppm Parts per million. Pressure The force exerted by one body on another, measured as force over area e. g. newtons per square metre. Psi Pounds per Square Inch common USEnglish unit of pressure, 14.5psi 1 bar. scf Standard cubic foot - The conditions for measuring the scf are in fact very close to, but not identical with, those for the standard cubic metre ( scm ). Despite its name, there is no single accepted standard for the standard cubic foot but the one most used is 60F and 30 in Hg, dry. scm Standard Cubic Metre - A cubic metre measured at 15C and 1013.25 mbar, dry. The unit of volume recommended by the IGU but not in normal use. See also ncm. Short ton 2000 lb. Used in the US. SI Multiples The SI system uses the following prefixes for multiples of the base units: 103 kilo (k), 106 mega (M), 109 giga (G), 1012 tera (T), 1015 peta (P), 1018exa (E). tce Ton of coal equivalent - Like the barrel of oil equivalent ( boe ) a measure of general energy requirement but now largely supplanted by the boe. Generally taken to have a value of approximately 27 MMBtu. Tcf Trillion (1012) cubic feet. Tcm Trillion (1012) cubic metres. Therm 100,000 British Thermal Units is still occasionally used as a unit for pricing gas, particularly in the UK. Thermie A term virtually identical to 1 Megacalorie but having 15C as its base, used primarily in Spain. toe Tonnes of oil equivalent - A metric measure used to quantify general energy requirements for practical purposes, an alternative to the barrel of oil equivalent. usually taken as representing 10,000 kilocalories net. Ton (t) A term covering a variety of measures: The metric tonne (1000 kg) The long ton (2240 lbs) The short ton (2000 lbs). The metric tonne is the one increasingly used. W Watt - The basic unit of electrical power, defined as one joule per second. Water Drive In a porous rock, as gas is withdrawn from the reservoir, water expands into the region formerly occupied by the gas as pressure is released. This often has the result of trapping gas so that it cannot be produced, thus reducing recovery from the reservoir. Water drive is not a problem with a D epletion Drive Reservoir . See also Reservoir. Water Gauge A measure often used to express the pressure of gas in distribution systems, using water instead of mercury. Distribution systems normally operate at about 300mm (12 inches) water gauge (i. e. 300mm above atmospheric pressure). For comparison, atmospheric pressure is a little above 10metres of water. See also Gauge Pressure. Major liquefied natural gas trading countries and key drivers The LNG (liquefied natural gas) trade has much room to grow. GasLog Ltd. (GLOG ), for example, has compared LNG shipping industry to the crude tankers that hauled unrefined oil in the 1950s. In 2012, 13 of the worlds natural gas production was transported on LNG carriers, while 45 of crude oil was transported via tankers. So who are the major buyers and sellers According to the IGU (International Gas Union), Qatar exported 77.2 MT (million metric tonnes) of natural gas in 2013almost a third of the worlds exports. Since 2006, exports of LNG from the Middle East (Qatara small country in Western Asia surrounded by the Persian Gulf) have contributed most to growth in the LNG trade. Other major exporters of LNG included Malaysia (24.7 million tonnes), Australia (22.2 million tonnes), Indonesia (17.0 million tonnes), Nigeria (16.9 million tonnes), and Trinidad (14.6 million tonnes). In terms of imports, Japan holds the crown, having imported 87.8 million tonnes of natural gas from countries such as Qatar, Malaysia, Russia, Nigeria, and Australia. Following Japan are South Korea (40.9 million tonnes), China (18.6 million tonnes), and India (12.9 million tonnes). Aside from Asia-Pacific countries, Europe is the second most important destination for LNG, making up 13 of total imports in 2013, with the United Kingdom and Spain as the main importers. Key LNG trade drivers The LNG trade and carrier demand are driven by LNG supply and demand. LNG demand is primarily driven by importers regasification capacity, natural gas (electricity) consumption, natural gas production, pipeline natural trade, natural gas plant capacity, industrial activity, the price of LNG relative to alternative fuels such as coal, and energy policies. LNG supply, on the other hand, is driven by exporters liquefaction capacity, natural gas production, and domestic natural gas consumption. Government policies such as carbon emissions and production approvals will affect both LNG demand and supply. TradeKings background can be found on FINRAs BrokerCheck Options involve risk and are not suitable for all investors. Click here to review the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options brochure before you begin trading options. Options investors may lose the entire amount of their investment in a relatively short period of time. Online trading has inherent risk due to system response and access times that may vary due to market conditions, system performance, and other factors. An investor should understand these and additional risks before trading. 1 4.95 for online equity and option trades, add 65 cents per option contract. TradeKing charges an additional 0.35 per contract on certain index products where the exchange charges fees. See our FAQ for details. TradeKing adds 0.01 per share on the entire order for stocks priced less than 2.00. See our Commissions and Fees page for commissions on broker-assisted trades, low-priced stocks, option spreads, and other securities. TradeKing was ranked 1 in Customer Service in the SmartMoney June 2008 and June 2010 Broker Survey awarded the highest five star rating in Customer Service and Trading Tools in the June 2009 and June 2010 Broker Survey ranked 1 in Customer Service in the June 2011 Broker Survey and June 2012 Broker Survey named overall 1 Discount Broker in the August 2007 Broker Survey and overall 1 Discount Broker in the August 2006 Broker Survey. These surveys are based on the following categories: Commissions and Fees, Mutual Funds Investment Products, Banking Services, Trading Tools, Research, and Customer Service. SmartMoney is a registered trademark of SmartMoney, a joint publishing venture between Dow Jones Company, Inc. and Hearstx2120Partnership. TradeKing received 4 out of 5 stars in Barrons 12th (March 2007), 13th (March 2008), 14th (March 2009), 15th (March 2010), 16th (March 2011), 17th (March 2012), 18th (March 2013), and 19th (March 2014) annual rankings of the Best Online Brokers based on Trade Technology, Usability, Mobile, Range of Offerings, Research Amenities, Portfolio Analysis Reports, Customer Service Education, and Costs. Rated among the Best for Options Traders 2008-13. Ranked 1 in usability in the March 2011 Barrons survey. Rated among the Best for Long Term Investing 2011-12 Barrons Survey. In comments accompanying the March 2008 rankings, Barrons stated that TradeKings site features new, slick tools that focus on finding and executing options strategies. Barrons is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Company copy 2017. TradeKing was named Innovator of the Year by stockbrokers in their 2013 Broker Survey along with being named 1 Trader Community in their 2013 and 2014 Broker Surveys. In 2015, TradeKing received the 1 Broker Innovation Award for TradeKing LIVE. The surveys were based on the following categories: Commissions Fees, Ease-of-Use, Platforms Tools, Research, Customer Service, Offering of Investments, Education, and Mobile Trading. Documentation supporting TradeKings service and tools awards and claims are also available upon request by calling 877-495-5464 or via email at servicetradeking . TradeKing will credit your account transfer fees up to 150 charged by another brokerage firm when completing an account transfer for 2,500 or more. Offer applies to new TradeKing accounts that complete the transfer within 30 days of opening . Credit will be deposited to your account within 30 days of receipt of evidence of charge. TradeKing reserves the right at our sole discretion to modify or terminate this offer without prior notice. Pulling off the switch is easy. Heres how: Open a New Account or if you already have an account, log in. Complete and print an Account Transfer Form. Mail or fax the signed Account Transfer Form to TradeKing along with a copy of your most recent statement from your previous broker. Request your account transfer reimbursement by faxing your transfer reimbursement form, along with proof of transfer charge, to 866.699.0563. This offer cannot be combined with any other reimbursement offers including our offer to credit fees for initial funding by wire or overnight mail. Customers should consider the differences in services and transfer fees before switching their brokerage accounts. Quotes are delayed at least 15 minutes, unless otherwise indicated. Company fundamental data provided by Factset. Earnings estimates provided by Zacks. Mutual fund and ETF data provided by Lipper and Dow Jones Company. Content, research, tools, and stock or option symbols are for educational and illustrative purposes only and do not imply a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell a particular security or to engage in any particular investment strategy. The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, are not guaranteed for accuracy or completeness, do not reflect actual investment results, do not take in consideration commissions, margin interest and other costs, and are not guarantees of future results. All investments involve risk, losses may exceed the principal invested, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, or financial product does not guarantee future results or returns. TradeKing provides self-directed investors with discount brokerage services, and does not make recommendations or offer investment, financial, legal or tax advice. You alone are responsible for evaluating the merits and risks associated with the use of TradeKing39s systems, services or products. If you have additional questions regarding your taxes, please visit IRS. gov or consult a tax professional. TradeKing is unable to provide any tax advice. Investors should consider the investment objectives, risks, and charges and expenses of a mutual fund or ETF carefully before investing. A mutual fundETF39s prospectus contains this and other information and can be obtained by emailing servicetradeking. TradeKing selects and defines as All-Stars certain independent market commentators who are recognized industry personalities and experienced traders and who provide timely market commentary via the TradeKing All-Star blog at community. tradekingmemberstk-all-starblogs. Each All-Star commentators bio, related qualifications and disclosure as to their relationship with TradeKing can be found on the All-Star blog roster, available at community. tradekingmemberstk-all-stardetails. The selection of All-Stars commentators is solely based on the quality and style of the content provided. TradeKing does not measure, endorse, or monitor the performance or correctness of any statement or recommendation made by independent All-Stars commentators on TradeKing. Supporting documentation for any claims made in this post will be supplied upon request by the author of the post, who is solely responsible for the views expressed in it. Send a private message to All-Stars using the link below the profile image. Multiple leg options strategies involve additional risks. and may result in complex tax treatments. Please consult a tax professional prior to implementing these strategies. Your use of the TradeKing Trader Network is conditioned to your acceptance of all TradeKing Disclosures and of the TradeKing Trader Network Terms of Service. Testimonials may not be representative of the experience of other clients and are not indicative of future performance or success. No consideration was paid for any testimonials displayed. Third party posts do not reflect the views of TradeKing and have not been reviewed by, approved, or endorsed by TradeKing. Foreign exchange trading (Forex) is offered to self-directed investors through TradeKing Forex. TradeKing Forex, LLC and TradeKing Securities, LLC are separate, but affiliated companies. Forex accounts are not protected by the Securities Investor Protection Corp. (SIPC). Forex trading involves significant risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Increasing leverage increases risk. Before deciding to trade forex, you should carefully consider your financial objectives, level of investing experience, and ability to take financial risk. Any opinions, news, research, analyses, prices or other information contained does not constitute investment advice. Read the full disclosure. Please note that spot gold and silver contracts are not subject to regulation under the U. S. Commodity Exchange Act. TradeKing Forex, LLC acts as an introducing broker to GAIN Capital Group, LLC (GAIN Capital). Your forex account is held and maintained at GAIN Capital who serves as the clearing agent and counterparty to your trades. GAIN Capital is registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and is a member of the National Futures Association (NFA) (ID 0339826). TradeKing Forex, LLC is a member of the National Futures Association (ID 0408077). For a full list of disclosures related to online content, please go to tradekingeducationdisclosures. copy 2017 TradeKing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. TradeKing Group, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ally Financial Inc. Securities offered through TradeKing Securities, LLC, member FINRA and SIPC. Forex offered through TradeKing Forex, LLC, member NFA .
No comments:
Post a Comment